不定式省略to10种情况

摘自《第二课堂》(原作者:黄静香)

一、使役动词与to的省略

当不定式用于let, make, have等使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式必须省略to。如:

Let me have another cup of tea. 给我再来一杯茶。

She had him dig away the snow. 她让他把雪挖走。

They made him tell them everything. 他们强迫他把一切全告诉他们。

但是,当使役动词用于被动语态时,其后的不定式则必须要带to。如:

他被迫一天工作20小时。

误:He was made work twenty hours a day.

正:He was made to work twenty hours a day.

注意,表示使役意义的lethave很少用于被动语态。

另外注意,force, oblige等虽然也表示“使”,但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。如:

They forced her to sign the paper. 他们强迫她在文件上签字。

The law obliged parents to send their children to school. 法律要求父母送子女上学。

二、感觉动词与to的省略

当不定式用于表示感觉的动词feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, look at, listen to等作宾语补足语时,不定式必须省略to。如:

We all felt the house shake. 我们都感觉这房子在震动。

I heard him go down the stairs. 我听见他下楼了。

Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗?

I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。

但是,当feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为to be时,则不能省略to。如:

They all felt the plan to be unwise. 他们都认为这个计划不明智。

注意,当这些动词变为被动语态时,不定式前的to不能省略。如:

They were heard to break a glass in the next door. 听见他们在隔壁打破了一个玻璃杯子。

另外,若用作宾语补足语的不定式为完成式,则通常应带 to。如:

I noticed her to have come early. 我注意到她来得很早(www.lulutubu.com)。

三、why (not)to的省略

why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。如:

Why argue with him? He’ll never change his mind. 为什么要跟他争论? 他永远不会改变自己的看法。

Why not try going by boat for a change? 为什么不试着坐船去,这样也可以换换花样?

Why not wait till the winter sales to buy a new coat? 为什么不等到冬季大贱卖时再买一件新外衣呢?

四、介词except / butto的省略

当不定式用作介词exceptexcept的宾语时,该不定式有时带 to有时不带 to情形比较复杂大致原则是其前有do不定式不带 to其前没有 do不定式通常带 to。如:

He likes nothing except to watch TV. 除了看电视外,他什么都不喜欢。

It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。

There’s little we can do except wait. 除了等待我们没有什么办法。

I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意,没有别的办法。

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